Restart

The Fall and Memory Loss

Chase Ambrose's life changes forever when he falls from the roof of his house while attempting to retrieve a football. The thirteen-year-old middle schooler wakes up in a hospital bed with no memory of who he was before the accident. His amnesia is complete—he doesn't remember his family, his friends, his school, or most importantly, the person he used to be. When his mother shows him family photos, the faces are completely foreign to him, including his own reflection in the mirror.

As Chase begins to piece together fragments of his former life, he discovers unsettling clues about his past self. His father, Frank Ambrose, seems proud of Chase's previous aggressive behavior and athletic prowess, while his mother appears more cautious and concerned. The family dynamic becomes increasingly clear as Chase observes his father's domineering personality and his mother's tendency to defer to her husband's wishes. Chase's half-sister Helene treats him with a mixture of wariness and hope, suggesting that their relationship was complicated before his accident.

The most shocking revelation comes when Chase finds a Medal of Honor in his room—not his own, but one that clearly doesn't belong to his family. This discovery plants the first seed of doubt about his character, though he doesn't yet understand the full significance of the medal or how he came to possess it. As he prepares to return to Hiawassee Middle School, Chase feels both nervous and curious about discovering who he used to be, unaware that his past self was someone most people feared and despised.

Return to School and Shocking Revelations

Chase's return to Hiawassee Middle School becomes a journey of horrifying self-discovery. Almost immediately, he notices the strange reactions of his classmates—some flee when they see him, others watch him with barely concealed fear or hatred. His confusion deepens when he encounters Joel Weber, a smaller student who literally runs away at the sight of him. Chase learns that he was the leader of a group of bullies that included Aaron Hakimian and Bear Bratsky, his supposed best friends who seem eager to pick up where they left off.

The full extent of Chase's past cruelty becomes clear through a series of painful revelations. He discovers that he and his friends had been systematically tormenting Joel Weber, including incidents of physical violence and psychological abuse. One particularly disturbing incident involved Chase and his gang cornering Joel in the school bathroom and giving him a swirlie—holding his head in a toilet while flushing it. The memory of Joel's terrified face haunts Chase even though he cannot remember the actual event.

Perhaps the most devastating revelation involves Brendan Espinoza, a student who had been making a video documentary about the school's elderly war veteran volunteer, Mr. Solway. Chase learns that he had destroyed Brendan's camera and stolen the Medal of Honor from Mr. Solway's room—the same medal he found in his bedroom. This act of theft from a respected war hero represents the lowest point of Chase's past behavior and becomes a driving force for his desire to change.

"I can't remember being that person, but the evidence is everywhere. The fear in people's eyes, the way they cross the hall to avoid me, the stories that keep coming out about what I did. I don't want to be that person anymore."

The Path to Redemption

Determined to atone for his past actions, Chase begins the difficult process of making amends. His first major step involves joining the video club, much to the shock of Brendan Espinoza and Kimberly Tooley. Initially met with suspicion and hostility, Chase slowly proves his sincerity through consistent actions and genuine remorse. He becomes genuinely interested in the video project about Mr. Solway, seeing it as an opportunity to honor the veteran he had wronged.

Chase's relationship with Aaron and Bear becomes increasingly strained as they expect him to return to his old ways. They cannot understand his new interests and values, leading to tension and eventual confrontation. When Chase refuses to participate in their continued bullying of Joel Weber, Aaron and Bear become suspicious and eventually hostile toward their former leader. This creates a dangerous situation as Chase finds himself caught between his desire to change and the expectations of his former allies.

The most significant relationship Chase develops is with Shoshanna Weber, Joel's older sister, who initially despises him for what he did to her brother. Shoshanna is fiercely protective of Joel and makes it clear that she will never forgive Chase for his past actions. However, as she observes his genuine efforts to change and his work in the video club, she begins to see glimpses of a different person. Their relationship evolves slowly from hatred to grudging respect to something approaching friendship, though it remains complicated by the weight of Chase's past actions.

The Climactic Confrontation

The tension between Chase's old life and new identity reaches a breaking point when Aaron and Bear, feeling betrayed by their former leader, decide to take revenge. In a cruel twist of irony, they target Mr. Solway, planning to vandalize his room and steal more of his possessions. When Chase discovers their plan, he faces the ultimate test of his character transformation—he must choose between remaining passive to avoid conflict or actively confronting his former friends to protect someone he wronged.

The confrontation occurs in Mr. Solway's room at the assisted living facility where the elderly veteran lives. Chase arrives to find Aaron and Bear in the process of destroying the room and threatening Mr. Solway. Despite being outnumbered and facing his former friends' physical aggression, Chase stands up to them, protecting Mr. Solway and eventually alerting security. This scene represents the complete reversal of Chase's character—from someone who bullied the vulnerable to someone who protects them, even at personal cost.

The aftermath of this confrontation brings Chase's journey full circle. Aaron and Bear face serious consequences for their actions, while Chase finally returns Mr. Solway's Medal of Honor and formally apologizes for his theft. Mr. Solway, despite having every reason to hate Chase, shows him unexpected grace and forgiveness, recognizing the genuine change in the young man.

"The medal belongs to you, Mr. Solway. I'm sorry it took me so long to return it, and I'm sorry for everything else I did. I can't change the past, but I can try to be better going forward."

Resolution and New Beginnings

As the school year concludes, Chase has successfully rebuilt his life and relationships based on his new values and character. His friendship with Brendan and the video club members has become genuine and strong, built on shared interests and mutual respect rather than fear and intimidation. The video project about Mr. Solway is completed successfully, serving as both a tribute to the veteran and a symbol of Chase's transformation.

Perhaps most significantly, Chase's relationship with the Weber family shows signs of healing. Joel, while still traumatized by his past experiences, begins to trust that Chase has truly changed. Shoshanna's evolution from hatred to acceptance demonstrates the possibility of redemption and forgiveness, even in the face of serious wrongs. Their developing friendship suggests that people can change fundamentally, and that past actions don't have to define future relationships.

The novel concludes with Chase having gained something he never had before his accident: genuine friendships based on respect rather than fear, a sense of purpose in helping others rather than hurting them, and self-respect earned through doing the right thing even when it's difficult. His memory loss, initially seen as a tragedy, ultimately becomes the catalyst for discovering his true character and potential for good. The story ends with hope and the understanding that while we cannot change our past, we always have the power to choose who we want to become.

Chase Ambrose: The Protagonist's Journey of Redemption

Chase Ambrose serves as the compelling protagonist of "Restart," embodying the complex theme of second chances and personal transformation. At the story's beginning, Chase awakens from a coma with complete amnesia, having fallen from his roof while attempting to retrieve a video camera. This accident becomes a metaphorical clean slate, allowing both Chase and readers to discover who he was and who he might become.

Before his accident, Chase was Hiawassee Middle School's star football player and the leader of a notorious bullying trio. He wielded his athletic prowess and social status as weapons, terrorizing vulnerable students like Joel Weber and Brendan Espinoza. His pre-accident personality was characterized by cruelty, entitlement, and a complete lack of empathy. He particularly targeted those he perceived as weak, using physical intimidation and psychological manipulation to maintain his dominance in the school's social hierarchy.

The amnesia creates a fascinating psychological experiment within the narrative. Without his memories, Chase becomes a blank canvas, free from the expectations and patterns that defined his previous behavior. This allows Korman to explore fundamental questions about human nature: Are we products of our memories and experiences, or is there something inherent in our character that transcends circumstance?

As Chase navigates his new reality, he demonstrates remarkable capacity for growth and self-reflection. His genuine confusion about his past behavior and his instinctive kindness toward those he once tormented reveal a fundamental decency that was previously buried beneath years of toxic masculinity and peer pressure. When he joins the video club with Brendan and Shoshanna, he discovers talents and interests he never knew he possessed, suggesting that his previous identity may have been more performance than authentic self-expression.

"I can't reconcile the person everyone says I was with the person I feel like now. It's like being told you're an alien when you're pretty sure you're human."

Chase's relationship with his family, particularly his father, provides crucial context for understanding his previous behavior. His father's obsession with football success and winning at all costs created an environment where aggression was rewarded and empathy was seen as weakness. This toxic influence shaped Chase's worldview and justified his bullying behavior as a form of strength.

The most compelling aspect of Chase's character development is his genuine remorse once he begins to understand the extent of his past cruelty. Unlike many redemption narratives where change feels superficial or convenient, Chase's transformation feels earned and authentic. He doesn't simply apologize and expect forgiveness; instead, he actively works to make amends and prove his commitment to becoming a better person.

Shoshanna Weber: The Wounded Protector

Shoshanna Weber represents the lasting impact of bullying trauma and the complex process of healing and forgiveness. As Joel's older sister, she has witnessed firsthand the devastating effects of Chase's cruelty on her younger brother. Her character serves as both a moral compass and a realistic portrayal of how difficult it can be to trust someone who has caused profound harm.

Shoshanna's initial reaction to Chase's apparent transformation is entirely justified skepticism. Having watched her brother suffer anxiety attacks, withdraw from social situations, and lose his confidence due to Chase's relentless bullying, she views any change in Chase as potentially manipulative or temporary. Her protective instincts toward Joel drive much of her antagonism toward Chase, making her a formidable obstacle in his redemption journey.

What makes Shoshanna such a compelling character is her intelligence and perceptiveness. She's not simply angry or vindictive; she's analytical and cautious. As the president of the video club and an academically gifted student, she approaches Chase's apparent change with the same critical thinking skills she applies to her schoolwork. She looks for evidence, tests his sincerity, and refuses to be swayed by surface-level gestures.

"People don't just wake up different, Chase. Especially not people like you."

Her gradual acceptance of Chase's transformation doesn't come easily or quickly. Korman skillfully portrays the internal struggle between her desire to protect her brother and her growing recognition that Chase's change might be genuine. This internal conflict makes her one of the most psychologically complex characters in the novel.

Shoshanna's relationship with Brendan adds another layer to her character. While she's fiercely protective and sometimes harsh in her judgments, she also demonstrates loyalty and genuine care for those she loves. Her evolution throughout the story—from absolute rejection of Chase to cautious acceptance—mirrors the reader's own journey in determining whether redemption is possible for someone who has caused such harm.

Joel Weber: The Victim's Perspective

Joel Weber represents the often-overlooked voice of bullying victims and the long-lasting psychological damage that such experiences can inflict. As Chase's primary target, Joel embodies the vulnerability and resilience that many young people experience when faced with systematic intimidation and abuse.

Before Chase's accident, Joel lived in constant fear at school. His character demonstrates how bullying extends far beyond physical altercations to include psychological warfare that can destroy a young person's self-esteem and sense of safety. Joel's anxiety, his reluctance to participate in school activities, and his general withdrawal from social situations all reflect realistic responses to ongoing trauma.

What makes Joel particularly interesting is his complex relationship with Chase after the accident. Unlike his sister Shoshanna, who maintains her protective anger, Joel seems more willing to consider the possibility that Chase has genuinely changed. This difference in their responses highlights how victims process trauma differently and how healing isn't a one-size-fits-all process.

Joel's passion for video production provides him with both an escape from his troubles and a means of self-expression. Through the video club, he finds his voice and begins to rebuild his confidence. His talent behind the camera represents his unique perspective and creativity, qualities that were suppressed but not destroyed by his experiences with bullying.

The dynamic between Joel and Chase becomes one of the most delicate and important relationships in the novel. Chase's genuine desire to make amends, combined with Joel's cautious but growing trust, creates a realistic portrayal of how healing relationships might be rebuilt after significant harm has been done.

Brendan Espinoza: The Unexpected Ally

Brendan Espinoza serves as another victim of Chase's previous behavior while also becoming an unexpected bridge between Chase's past and present. Like Joel, Brendan suffered under Chase's bullying regime, but his response to Chase's apparent transformation differs significantly from that of the Weber siblings.

Brendan's character represents the complexity of victimhood and recovery. While he was certainly harmed by Chase's behavior, he seems more willing to give Chase the benefit of the doubt, perhaps because his experiences, while painful, weren't as severely traumatic as Joel's. This willingness to extend grace doesn't minimize his past suffering but demonstrates how different people process and move beyond traumatic experiences.

As a member of the video club, Brendan showcases creativity and technical skill that were previously unrecognized and unvalued in the school's sports-dominated social hierarchy. His partnership with Chase on various video projects becomes a symbol of how former enemies might become collaborators when artificial social barriers are removed.

Brendan's character also serves to highlight the arbitrary nature of bullying hierarchies. His interests in technology and video production were previously seen as marks of social inferiority, making him a target for Chase's aggression. However, these same interests become valuable assets that contribute to meaningful creative work when the social dynamics shift.

Supporting Characters and Their Roles

The supporting characters in "Restart" each serve specific functions in illuminating different aspects of the central themes. Chase's father represents the toxic influence that shaped Chase's original behavior, embodying a win-at-all-costs mentality that prioritizes dominance over decency. His disappointment in Chase's changed behavior reveals how deeply embedded these destructive values can become in family systems.

Aaron Hakimian and Bear Bratsky, Chase's former partners in bullying, serve as foils to Chase's transformation. Their continued commitment to their cruel behavior patterns highlights the genuine nature of Chase's change while also demonstrating that not everyone chooses growth when given the opportunity. Their presence in the story provides ongoing tension and serves as a reminder of who Chase used to be.

Mr. Solway, the elderly war veteran whom Chase befriends during his community service, represents wisdom, forgiveness, and the possibility of connection across generational lines. His relationship with Chase provides a safe space for growth and reflection, away from the charged atmosphere of school and family expectations.

These supporting characters create a rich tapestry that contextualizes Chase's journey and demonstrates how personal transformation affects entire communities. Each character's response to Chase's apparent change—whether accepting, skeptical, or resistant—reflects different approaches to forgiveness, redemption, and the possibility of genuine personal growth.

Redemption and Second Chances

The central theme of "Restart" revolves around the possibility of redemption and the power of second chances. Chase Ambrose's amnesia serves as both a literal and metaphorical fresh start, allowing him to examine who he was and consciously choose who he wants to become. Korman presents redemption not as an easy path, but as a deliberate, ongoing process that requires genuine effort and the willingness to confront uncomfortable truths about oneself.

Before his accident, Chase was the archetypal school bully, using his size and popularity to intimidate others, particularly targeting vulnerable students like Joel Weber and Brendan Espinoza. His actions weren't merely pranks—they were systematic cruelty that left lasting psychological scars on his victims. The amnesia strips away his memories but not the consequences of his actions, creating a unique situation where he must face the impact of his behavior without the defensive mechanisms that originally justified it.

"I can't help wondering what kind of person I was that the only thing people can think to say is that I'm different now."

The novel demonstrates that true redemption requires more than simply stopping harmful behavior; it demands active efforts to make amends. Chase's journey involves not only avoiding his old patterns but actively working to repair the damage he caused. His participation in the video club, his protection of Joel, and his eventual willingness to testify against his former friends all represent concrete steps toward redemption. Korman shows that second chances must be earned through consistent positive actions rather than granted automatically.

The theme extends beyond Chase to other characters as well. Brendan initially refuses to believe Chase can change, clinging to his justified anger and fear. His eventual acceptance of Chase's transformation illustrates that second chances also require forgiveness from those who were harmed. This bilateral nature of redemption—requiring both genuine change from the perpetrator and grace from the victim—adds complexity to the theme and reflects real-world dynamics of forgiveness and reconciliation.

Identity and Self-Discovery

Chase's amnesia creates a fascinating exploration of identity, raising fundamental questions about what makes us who we are. Korman uses this unique situation to examine whether personality is fixed or malleable, whether we are defined by our memories or by our inherent nature, and how much control we have over shaping ourselves.

The novel presents identity as multifaceted, consisting of both internal characteristics and external perceptions. Chase discovers that his pre-accident identity was largely constructed around power dynamics and social status. Without these memories to anchor him, he must rebuild his sense of self from scratch, guided only by his current values and reactions to situations. This process reveals that the cruel person he was may have been more of a learned behavior pattern than an unchangeable core personality trait.

Korman employs the literary device of dramatic irony throughout Chase's journey of self-discovery. Readers, along with other characters, know things about Chase that he doesn't remember, creating tension and anticipation as he pieces together his past. When Chase finds the Medal of Honor in his room and learns about his heroic rescue of a child, it provides a crucial clue that he possessed the capacity for good even before his accident, suggesting that positive traits were always part of his identity, perhaps simply overshadowed by negative behaviors.

"Maybe I'm not the same person I was before. Maybe that's not necessarily a bad thing."

The theme of identity is further complicated by the expectations and assumptions of others. Chase's parents, particularly his father, want him to return to his former self, viewing his previous aggression and dominance as positive traits. His former friends Aaron and Bear expect him to resume his role as their leader in bullying activities. Meanwhile, his victims see any change as potentially temporary or deceptive. Chase must navigate these conflicting expectations while trying to discover his authentic self, illustrating how social pressures can both constrain and shape identity formation.

The Impact of Memory on Character

Korman uses amnesia as a powerful literary device to explore the relationship between memory and character development. The novel raises profound questions about the role of memory in shaping who we are and how we relate to others. Chase's condition allows for an examination of whether our past experiences inevitably determine our future actions or whether we have the power to transcend our history.

The selective nature of Chase's memory loss becomes particularly significant. While he loses all personal memories, his basic skills and knowledge remain intact. He can still play football, understand academic concepts, and navigate social situations. This distinction suggests that personality and behavior patterns may be more flexible than commonly assumed, while fundamental capabilities remain embedded more deeply in the psyche.

Memory also functions as a bridge between past and present identities. As fragments of Chase's memory occasionally surface, they create moments of cognitive dissonance where he must reconcile his current values with glimpses of his former behavior. These memory flashes serve as important plot devices, providing both internal conflict for Chase and crucial information for readers about the extent of his past actions.

The novel explores how memory influences not just individual identity but also relationships and community dynamics. Other characters' memories of Chase create barriers to his acceptance and integration into new social groups. The video club members' collective memory of his bullying initially prevents them from trusting him, while his former friends' memories of their shared misconduct create pressure for him to revert to old patterns. This demonstrates how memory operates both personally and socially, shaping not only how we see ourselves but how others see us.

"The old Chase is gone. But who is the new Chase? That's what I need to figure out."

Bullying and Its Consequences

Korman presents a nuanced examination of bullying that goes beyond simple victim-perpetrator dynamics. The novel explores the complex motivations behind bullying behavior, its lasting impact on victims, and the broader social systems that enable or prevent such behavior. Through Chase's unique perspective, readers see bullying from both sides, gaining insight into how such behavior develops and how it can be addressed.

The author illustrates how bullying often stems from a desire for power and status rather than from inherent cruelty. Chase's former behavior appears to have been motivated by a need to maintain his position as the dominant figure in his social hierarchy. His actions toward Joel and Brendan weren't random violence but calculated intimidation designed to reinforce his status and control. This understanding doesn't excuse the behavior but provides insight into the social dynamics that perpetuate bullying.

The novel also examines the long-term psychological impact of bullying on victims. Joel's selective mutism and Brendan's defensive cynicism represent different coping mechanisms developed in response to sustained harassment. Korman shows how bullying doesn't end when the immediate incident stops; it continues to affect victims' self-esteem, social relationships, and ability to trust others. The author particularly emphasizes how institutional failures—adults who don't intervene or take reports seriously—can compound the damage done by bullying behavior.

Through the video club storyline, Korman presents positive peer relationships as an antidote to bullying culture. The club provides a space where students with different interests and backgrounds can collaborate on meaningful projects, fostering mutual respect and understanding. Chase's integration into this group demonstrates how inclusive communities can help both victims and former perpetrators develop healthier relationship patterns.

Literary Devices and Narrative Techniques

Korman employs multiple narrative perspectives to create a rich, multi-dimensional story that allows readers to understand events from various viewpoints. The novel alternates between first-person narratives from Chase, Shoshanna, and Brendan, with each character providing unique insights into the central events. This technique prevents any single character from dominating the narrative and ensures that different aspects of the themes are fully explored.

The use of dramatic irony is particularly effective throughout the novel. Readers often know more about Chase's past than he does, creating tension and anticipation as he discovers information about his former self. This technique also allows readers to observe the gap between Chase's current personality and his previous behavior, emphasizing the theme of personal transformation.

Symbolism plays an important role in reinforcing the novel's themes. The Medal of Honor represents the capacity for heroism that exists within Chase, serving as tangible evidence that he possessed positive qualities even before his accident. The video camera becomes a symbol of perspective and truth-telling, allowing characters to document and share their experiences in ways that create understanding and connection.

"You can't judge people by their past. You have to judge them by what they're doing now."

Korman also uses the motif of falling and rising throughout the novel. Chase's literal fall from the roof parallels his metaphorical fall from his position of social dominance, while his gradual recovery represents his rise to a better version of himself. This physical metaphor reinforces the themes of redemption and personal growth while providing a concrete framework for understanding character development.

The author's use of contemporary settings and realistic dialogue helps ground the story in a recognizable world, making the themes more accessible to young readers. The integration of modern technology, social media references, and current school dynamics ensures that the story feels authentic and relevant to its target audience while addressing timeless themes of identity, redemption, and human connection.

Narrative Structure and Perspective

Gordon Korman employs a sophisticated multi-perspective narrative structure in "Restart" that serves both the story's thematic purposes and its character development. The novel alternates between Chase's first-person perspective and the third-person perspectives of other characters, including Shoshanna Weber, Joel Weber, and Brendan Espinoza. This shifting viewpoint creates a kaleidoscopic effect that mirrors the fragmented nature of Chase's memory and identity.

The choice to begin with Chase's perspective immediately after his accident is particularly effective, as readers experience his confusion and disorientation firsthand. Korman writes:

"I don't remember hitting my head. I don't remember the roof. I don't remember the fall. I don't remember anything."

This opening establishes the central tension of the novel while positioning readers as fellow investigators into Chase's past. The alternating perspectives serve as witnesses and judges, providing context that Chase lacks while revealing how his previous actions affected multiple lives.

The narrative structure also creates dramatic irony, as readers gradually piece together Chase's history through other characters' accounts before Chase himself fully understands his past behavior. This technique builds suspense while allowing for a more complete picture of the story's moral landscape. Each perspective adds layers to the central question of whether people can truly change, with some characters serving as evidence for redemption and others representing the lasting impact of harmful actions.

Korman's decision to include Brendan's perspective is particularly insightful, as it provides the viewpoint of someone who has experienced both sides of Chase—victim and friend. This narrative choice reinforces the novel's theme that identity is complex and multifaceted, not simply good or evil.

Character Development and Transformation

The character arc of Chase Ambrose represents one of the most compelling aspects of "Restart," as Korman navigates the delicate balance between redemption and accountability. Chase's transformation from school bully to empathetic individual is handled with nuance, avoiding the trap of suggesting that amnesia alone can erase the harm caused by past actions.

Chase's development is marked by key moments of moral awakening. His initial confusion about his reputation gives way to horror as he discovers his past behavior, particularly regarding his treatment of Joel Weber and Brendan Espinoza. Korman shows Chase grappling with the weight of actions he cannot remember but must nevertheless take responsibility for:

"How can I make up for things I can't even remember doing?"

The supporting characters serve as mirrors reflecting different aspects of Chase's journey. Shoshanna Weber embodies justified anger and the perspective of those harmed by bullying, while her brother Joel represents the lasting trauma that bullying can inflict. Their skepticism of Chase's change provides necessary tension and prevents the narrative from becoming overly simplistic about forgiveness and redemption.

Brendan Espinoza's character arc is equally significant, as he moves from victim to reluctant ally to genuine friend. His evolution demonstrates the power of giving people second chances while acknowledging the courage required to do so. The relationship between Chase and Brendan becomes the emotional heart of the novel, showing how authentic friendship can emerge from the ashes of past cruelty.

Korman also develops the characters of Aaron Hakimian and Bear Bratsky, Chase's former friends, to illustrate how peer pressure and group dynamics can perpetuate harmful behavior. Their resistance to Chase's change and their continuation of bullying behavior serve as foils to Chase's growth, highlighting the choice each person faces between growth and stagnation.

Thematic Exploration of Identity and Moral Responsibility

At its core, "Restart" grapples with fundamental questions about the nature of identity and whether individuals can truly change. Korman uses Chase's amnesia as a thought experiment: if someone cannot remember their past actions, are they still the same person? The novel suggests that identity is not solely determined by memory but by the choices one makes in the present moment.

The theme of moral responsibility runs throughout the narrative, as Chase must confront the consequences of actions he cannot remember. This creates a unique ethical dilemma that Korman explores with sensitivity. Chase's journey toward accountability involves not just making amends but fundamentally changing his behavior patterns and values. The novel suggests that true redemption requires active effort to become better, not just the absence of remembered wrongdoing.

Korman also examines the concept of collective responsibility through the lens of bystander behavior. Characters like Shoshanna's parents and various school officials represent adults who failed to adequately address bullying, while students like Kimberly Tooley show how peer pressure can make witnesses complicit in harmful behavior.

The video club serves as a metaphor for perspective and truth-telling. Through their documentary work, characters learn to see situations from multiple angles and to question surface appearances. This mirrors the novel's own multi-perspective structure and reinforces its message about the complexity of human nature and the importance of looking beyond first impressions.

Social Commentary on Bullying and School Culture

Korman uses "Restart" as a vehicle for examining the pervasive problem of bullying in school environments and the systemic failures that allow such behavior to flourish. The novel critiques a school culture that prioritizes athletic achievement over character development, as evidenced by the protection and privilege afforded to Chase due to his football prowess.

The character of Chase's former self represents the archetypal privileged bully—an athlete whose status shields him from consequences. Korman illustrates how this protection enables escalating harmful behavior, as seen in the increasingly severe incidents involving Joel Weber and other victims. The novel suggests that institutional responses to bullying are often inadequate, focusing on punishment rather than prevention or genuine behavior change.

Through the Weber family's experience, Korman explores the lasting impact of bullying on victims and their families. Joel's trauma and his family's protective responses demonstrate how bullying extends far beyond individual incidents to affect entire family systems. Shoshanna's role as protector and advocate for her brother reflects the burden often placed on family members to defend vulnerable individuals.

The novel also addresses the role of technology and social media in modern bullying, particularly through the piano incident that was filmed and shared online. This reflects contemporary concerns about cyberbullying and the permanence of digital shame. However, Korman also shows how technology can be used positively, as the video club's work demonstrates the power of media to tell important stories and create understanding.

The community's varied responses to Chase's transformation serve as a microcosm of broader societal attitudes toward redemption and second chances. Some characters, like Mr. Solway, represent the possibility of growth and change at any age, while others embody the skepticism and resistance that often greet attempts at personal transformation.

What is the book Restart by Gordon Korman about?

Restart follows Chase Ambrose, a thirteen-year-old who wakes up from a coma with complete amnesia after falling from his roof. As he returns to school, Chase discovers he was previously a notorious bully who terrorized classmates alongside his friends Aaron and Bear. Without his memories, Chase sees the world with fresh eyes and begins to question his past behavior. The novel explores his journey of self-discovery as he encounters victims of his former bullying, including Joel Weber and Brendan Espinoza from the video club. Chase must decide whether to return to his old ways or forge a new identity, ultimately learning that people can change and that redemption is possible through genuine effort and empathy.

What happens at the end of Restart?

At the novel's conclusion, Chase fully embraces his new identity and rejects his former bullying behavior. He testifies against Aaron and Bear when they face consequences for stealing Mr. Solway's Medal of Honor, choosing loyalty to what's right over loyalty to his former friends. Chase successfully completes his community service at Portland Assisted Care, where he formed a meaningful friendship with Mr. Solway, a Korean War veteran. He also becomes an integral member of the video club, working on projects that bring out his creative side. The ending shows Chase having earned forgiveness from many of his former victims and establishing genuine friendships based on respect rather than fear, demonstrating his complete transformation from bully to ally.

How did Chase Ambrose lose his memory in Restart?

Chase Ambrose loses his memory after falling from the roof of his house while trying to retrieve a lacrosse ball. The fall results in a serious head injury that puts him in a coma and causes retrograde amnesia when he awakens. This accident serves as the catalyst for the entire story, as Chase's memory loss allows him to see his life and relationships from a completely fresh perspective. Without the baggage of his past memories and established behavioral patterns, Chase can observe how people react to him and gradually piece together what kind of person he used to be. The accident essentially gives Chase a "restart" button on his life, hence the book's title.

Is Restart based on a true story?

No, Restart is a work of fiction created by Gordon Korman. However, Korman drew inspiration from real-life situations involving bullying and the possibility of personal transformation. The author has mentioned in interviews that he was interested in exploring whether people can truly change and what it would take for a bully to genuinely reform. While the specific scenario of amnesia leading to personality change is fictional, the bullying situations, school dynamics, and emotional struggles depicted in the book reflect real experiences that many students face. Korman's background as a middle-grade author who understands adolescent psychology helps make Chase's journey feel authentic, even though the premise itself is fictional.

Who are the main characters in Restart?

The main character is Chase Ambrose, the former bully experiencing amnesia. Key supporting characters include Aaron Hakimian and Bear Bratsky, Chase's former partners in bullying who want him to return to his old ways. Joel Weber represents Chase's primary bullying victim, whom Chase previously tormented severely. Brendan Espinoza is the video club president who becomes Chase's friend and represents the creative, positive path Chase can take. Shoshanna Weber, Joel's protective older sister, initially distrusts Chase but gradually sees his genuine change. Mr. Solway is the Korean War veteran at the assisted living facility where Chase does community service, becoming an unexpected mentor. These characters represent different aspects of Chase's past and potential future, each playing a crucial role in his journey of self-discovery.

Why does Chase decide to change in Restart?

Chase's decision to change stems from his unique perspective as someone observing his past behavior without emotional attachment to it. Without his memories, Chase can see the fear and hurt in his former victims' eyes without the defensive mechanisms that might have previously justified his actions. When he witnesses how people react to him—some with fear, others with anger—he realizes the negative impact he had on others' lives. His community service with Mr. Solway and involvement with the video club show him alternative ways to gain respect and friendship through positive actions rather than intimidation. Chase's empathy, which was perhaps always present but suppressed by his bullying persona, emerges naturally when he's free from his previous behavioral patterns and social expectations.

How does Shoshanna Weber's attitude toward Chase change?

Shoshanna Weber's attitude toward Chase undergoes a dramatic transformation throughout the novel. Initially, she's intensely hostile and protective, viewing Chase as a dangerous threat to her brother Joel's wellbeing based on his history of severe bullying. She actively works to keep Chase away from Joel and remains skeptical of any claims that he's changed. However, as Shoshanna observes Chase's consistent behavior over time—his genuine remorse, his dedication to community service, and his authentic friendship with her brother—she begins to soften. The turning point comes when she realizes Chase's change isn't an act but a fundamental shift in his character. By the novel's end, Shoshanna not only accepts Chase but becomes one of his supporters, recognizing that people can genuinely transform when given the opportunity.

What role does Mr. Solway play in Chase's development?

Mr. Solway serves as an unexpected mentor and father figure in Chase's transformation. As a Korean War veteran living in the assisted living facility where Chase performs community service, Mr. Solway initially appears gruff and unwelcoming. However, their relationship develops into a genuine friendship that provides Chase with a positive role model for masculinity and honor. Mr. Solway's stories about his military service and his Medal of Honor help Chase understand concepts of true courage and sacrifice, contrasting sharply with the false bravado of his bullying days. When Aaron and Bear steal Mr. Solway's medal, Chase's decision to help recover it and testify against his former friends represents his full commitment to doing what's right, demonstrating how Mr. Solway's influence has shaped his moral compass.

What does the title "Restart" symbolize in the book?

The title "Restart" symbolizes the complete reset of Chase's life and identity following his accident. Like restarting a computer, Chase's amnesia allows him to begin fresh without the corrupted "programming" of his previous bullying behavior and toxic friendships. The restart metaphor extends beyond just memory loss to represent the universal human capacity for change and redemption. Throughout the novel, the concept of restart applies not only to Chase but to his relationships with others—Joel gets a restart on feeling safe at school, Shoshanna gets a restart on trusting, and even Aaron and Bear have opportunities to restart their behavior, though they choose not to take them. The title ultimately suggests that transformation is possible for anyone willing to examine their actions and make different choices.

How does Restart address the theme of bullying?

Restart addresses bullying by examining both its causes and consequences through Chase's unique perspective. The novel shows how bullying creates lasting trauma for victims like Joel, who continues to suffer anxiety and fear even after the bullying stops. It explores how bullying behavior often stems from social dynamics and the desire for power rather than inherent cruelty, as demonstrated by Chase's natural empathy when freed from his previous mindset. The book also addresses the complexity of forgiveness and whether bullies can truly change. Through Chase's transformation, Korman suggests that change is possible but requires genuine effort, accountability, and time. The novel doesn't minimize the harm caused by bullying but offers hope that people can break cycles of harmful behavior and that healing is possible for both victims and perpetrators.

What is the significance of the video club in Restart?

The video club represents creativity, collaboration, and positive social connection in contrast to Chase's former world of aggression and intimidation. Led by Brendan Espinoza, the club provides Chase with an alternative identity based on talent and teamwork rather than fear and dominance. Through video production, Chase discovers he has creative abilities and can contribute positively to group efforts. The club also serves as a safe space where former victims and outsiders like Joel can express themselves and gain confidence. When Chase chooses to participate in the video club despite potential ridicule from Aaron and Bear, he's making a conscious decision to value authentic friendships over toxic loyalty. The club's projects, including documenting Mr. Solway's war stories, connect past and present while celebrating the stories of overlooked individuals.

How does Gordon Korman explore the concept of identity in Restart?

Korman explores identity by questioning whether our personalities are fixed or malleable through Chase's amnesia experience. The novel suggests that identity is partially constructed through memory and social expectations—without his memories, Chase naturally displays empathy and creativity that were suppressed by his previous social role. The book examines how peer pressure and established reputations can trap people in harmful behavioral patterns, as seen with Aaron and Bear's attempts to pull Chase back into his old identity. Korman also explores how others' perceptions shape identity, showing how Chase must work to overcome people's preconceptions about who he is. Ultimately, the novel argues that while past actions matter and have consequences, identity can be consciously reshaped through consistent choices and genuine effort to change.

What role does family play in Chase's story?

Family plays a complex role in Chase's journey, with his mother representing unconditional love while his father embodies the problematic influences that shaped his bullying behavior. Chase's mother shows patience and support throughout his recovery, accepting his personality changes and encouraging his positive growth. In contrast, Chase's father appears disappointed by his son's newfound gentleness and seems to prefer the aggressive, dominant version of his son, reflecting societal pressures about masculinity. The absence of strong, positive paternal guidance helps explain how Chase initially became a bully, making his relationship with Mr. Solway even more significant as a healthy male role model. The family dynamics illustrate how environmental factors contribute to behavioral problems and how important supportive relationships are in facilitating positive change.

How does Restart portray the possibility of redemption?

Restart portrays redemption as possible but not easy or automatic. Chase's journey shows that genuine redemption requires acknowledgment of wrongdoing, consistent changed behavior over time, and acceptance that some people may never forgive past actions. The novel demonstrates that redemption isn't just about apologizing but about fundamentally changing one's actions and values. Chase earns redemption through community service, protecting those he once bullied, and choosing moral courage over social convenience when he testifies against Aaron and Bear. However, Korman also shows that redemption is a process—some characters like Shoshanna need time to believe in Chase's change, while others may never fully trust him. The book suggests that while everyone deserves a chance to change, redemption must be earned through sustained effort and genuine transformation.

What does Restart suggest about the nature versus nurture debate?

Restart engages with the nature versus nurture debate by suggesting that both inherited traits and environmental influences shape behavior. Chase's natural empathy and creativity emerge when freed from the environmental pressures that previously suppressed these qualities, indicating that positive traits may be innate but can be overshadowed by negative influences. His father's disappointment in the "new" Chase suggests that the original bullying behavior was partially learned and reinforced by family expectations about masculinity and dominance. The contrast between Chase's transformation and Aaron and Bear's resistance to change implies that while environment matters, individual choice ultimately determines behavior. The novel argues that people aren't permanently fixed by their genetics or upbringing—with the right circumstances and conscious effort, individuals can overcome negative environmental influences and express their better nature.

How does the book handle the theme of forgiveness?

Restart presents forgiveness as a complex, personal process that cannot be rushed or demanded. The novel shows different approaches to forgiveness through various characters—Joel gradually learns to see Chase as a friend rather than a threat, while Shoshanna requires more time and evidence before accepting Chase's change. Some characters, like other students Chase previously bullied, may never fully forgive, and the book respects this reality. Korman emphasizes that forgiveness must be earned rather than expected, and that changed behavior is more important than apologies. The novel also explores self-forgiveness, as Chase struggles with guilt over actions he can't remember but knows he committed. Through Mr. Solway's influence, Chase learns that making amends involves ongoing positive actions rather than dwelling on past mistakes, suggesting that forgiveness is ultimately about moving forward constructively.

What literary devices does Gordon Korman use in Restart?

Korman employs several literary devices to enhance the story's impact. The central metaphor of "restarting" like a computer runs throughout the novel, connecting Chase's memory loss to themes of renewal and second chances. Dramatic irony is present as readers gradually learn about Chase's past alongside him, creating suspense about what he'll discover next. Symbolism appears in objects like Mr. Solway's Medal of Honor, representing true courage versus false bravado. Korman uses parallel structure by contrasting Chase's relationships before and after his accident, showing how the same interactions can have completely different meanings. The author also employs multiple perspectives to show how Chase's transformation affects different characters uniquely, creating a fuller picture of the community impact of both bullying and redemption.

How does Restart address toxic masculinity?

Restart directly challenges toxic masculinity through Chase's character development and his relationships with male figures. Before his accident, Chase embodied negative masculine stereotypes—using aggression to maintain dominance, showing no vulnerability, and valuing physical intimidation over emotional intelligence. His father represents the perpetuation of these toxic values, expressing disappointment when Chase shows empathy and gentleness. In contrast, Mr. Solway models healthy masculinity through his stories of service, sacrifice, and genuine courage that protects rather than harms others. Chase's transformation shows that true strength comes from moral courage, such as standing up to former friends and protecting those who are vulnerable. The novel suggests that society's narrow definitions of masculinity can trap boys in harmful behaviors and that expanding these definitions allows for more authentic and positive male identity.

What makes Restart effective as a middle-grade novel?

Restart succeeds as middle-grade fiction by addressing serious themes through an accessible, engaging narrative that resonates with adolescent experiences. Korman creates a relatable protagonist despite the unusual amnesia premise, focusing on universal teenage concerns about identity, belonging, and moral choices. The book's pacing balances action with character development, maintaining reader interest while allowing time for emotional growth. The author avoids preaching by showing rather than telling, letting readers draw their own conclusions about bullying, forgiveness, and change. The novel's hopeful message that people can transform provides encouragement for young readers facing their own social challenges. Additionally, Korman includes diverse perspectives and realistic dialogue that reflects how middle schoolers actually speak and think, making the story feel authentic despite its extraordinary circumstances.

How does the community service setting contribute to the story?

The assisted living facility setting provides crucial space for Chase's character development away from school social pressures and expectations. Working with elderly residents, particularly Mr. Solway, exposes Chase to different generational perspectives on courage, service, and what truly matters in life. The community service serves as both punishment for his past behavior and opportunity for growth, showing how consequences can become catalysts for positive change. The intergenerational relationships formed there, especially with Mr. Solway, give Chase access to wisdom and life experience that help him understand concepts of honor and sacrifice. When Aaron and Bear's theft of Mr. Solway's medal occurs in this setting, it forces Chase to choose between loyalty to his past and commitment to his new values, making the assisted living facility the site of his most crucial moral decision.

What critical interpretations exist of Restart's ending?

Critics and readers have offered various interpretations of Restart's ending, with some viewing it as realistically hopeful while others consider it somewhat idealistic. Supporters argue that the ending effectively demonstrates earned redemption, as Chase faces consequences for his testimony against Aaron and Bear while gaining genuine acceptance from former victims. This interpretation sees the conclusion as balanced, showing that change is possible but requires sacrifice and sustained effort. However, some critics suggest the ending may be too neat, questioning whether real-life transformation and forgiveness happen as smoothly as portrayed. Another interpretation focuses on the ending's emphasis on community healing, arguing that the novel shows how one person's change can positively affect an entire social ecosystem. The most compelling critical reading may be that the ending serves as inspiration for young readers while acknowledging that real change requires ongoing commitment beyond the book's conclusion.